Giriş: Savaşçı Devleti Phalanx tarafından

Eski Sparta'nın askeri kültürü belki de bir toplumun tamamen savaşa adanmış en kalıcı arşiv türüdür. Ordunun vatandaş bedeninin bir parçası olduğu diğer Yunan şehir devletlerinin aksine, Sparta'da, orduda, orduda, was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was Vatandaş vücudu. Her erkek Spartiate, 7. yüzyılda tam zamanlı bir profesyonel askerdi ve tüm sosyal, politik ve ekonomik bir Rubdaemon yapısı bu tekil amaç doğrultusunda döndü.Bu olağanüstü sistemi destekleyen motor, dayanıklılık ve tek başına 7. yüzyıldaki umutlu savaşın yükselişiydi; Bu, sadece bir taktik araçla savaşmak değildi; bu, medeniyetin kendisi için ideolojik ve yapısal mavi baskı sağladı.

Bu toplam umutlu savaş, hem korkunç hem de derinden kusurlu bir devlet yarattı. Yunanistan'daki en iyi piyadeleri üreten aynı mekanizmalar da en sonunda uyum sağlayamayan katı bir sosyal ve askeri sisteme kilitledi.Bu makale, Sparta'nın askeri kurumlardaki umutlu savaş etkisini araştırıyor, sosyal normlar ve stratejik kültürünü inceliyor, hem de egemenlik ve yıkıcılığa yol açan doğal zayıflıkları inceliyor.

Hoplite Savaşı'nın Archaic Yunanistan'da Yükselişi

Sparta ve umutlu arasındaki eşsiz bağı anlamak için, ilk önce umutlu phalanx'ın devrimci doğasını anlamalı, Yunan savaşı büyük ölçüde aristokrat bir meseleydi. promachoi (Referanslar) Homer'in dünyası Iliad Tek bir savaşta kişisel ihtişam arayan bireysel kahramanlar, kötü silahlı koruyucular tarafından desteklenen bir çete tarafından tasvir edilir. Bu savaş tarzı sıvı, bireysel ve şampiyon öldürülseydi çökmeye eğilimliydi.

Tam umutlu panoply ve 700 BC etrafında filalrasyonun gelişimi tamamen savaş doğasını değiştirdi. Umutlu Yoğun bir şekilde mücadele eden ağır zırhlı bir piyadecıydı, lineere anahtar, tek bir adamın yeteneği değildi, ancak tüm ünitedeki kosiyonel bir mücadeleden, bireysel mükemmeliyet yarışmasına kadar savaşıyordu. Başarı, her erkeğin konumunu elinde tutan bir yarışmaya bağlıydı, onun komşusuyla kilitlendi ve tek bir tek, irresistible mass in the cohesion of the entire unit. Omos (Çoruşturucu) Bu temel değişim, onu kabul eden herhangi bir şehir devleti için derin etkileri vardı, ancak Sparta bu zorunluluk etrafında bütün toplumu inşa eden tek kişiydi.

Hoplite Panoply ve onun Talepleri

Umutluların ekipmanı ağır, pahalıydı ve etkili bir şekilde kullanmak için kapsamlı bir eğitim gerekiyordu: Klasik panoply kuruldu:

  • Aspis (Shield): Büyük, koncave kalkanı, çapının yaklaşık üç ayağı, sol kolu tarafından ele geçirilmek için tasarlanmıştır.Kapitten dizlere kadar ayıklanmış ve genişletilmiş dönemler için kullanmak için önemli bir güç gerekliydi.
  • Dory (Spear): Uzun, mızrak itmek, genellikle on dokuz metre uzunluğunda. Bu, birden çok rütbenin aynı anda düşmanı meşgul olabileceği anlamına geliyordu.
  • Xiphos veya Kopis (Sword): Kısa, çift taraflı bir kılıç veya ağır, tek taraflı bir kılıç. Bu, mızrak kırıldığında veya kaybolduğu zaman, yakın bir merkez için ikincil bir silahtı. Kısa uzunluğu sıkı oluşumu vurguladı - uzun bir kılıç için yer yoktu.
  • Vücut Zırhı: Bu genellikle bir bronz kaskı (eski türünden, işitme ve vizyonu kısıtlayan), bir bronz cuiras veya bir bronz cuiras veya bir linothorax (Çemli keten zırhı) ve bronz greaves shins'i korumak için. Toplam ağırlık 30 kilogram (66 kilo) aşabilir.

Bu ekipmanın olağanüstü fiziksel durgunluğa ihtiyacı vardı. Fialanx, çocukluktan böyle ağırlığa sahip olan ve durgunluğa sahip karmaşık manevraları yürütmek için çocukluktan şartsız hayatta kalamadı.No Greek state was better ready for this demand than Sparta, which corporateized theRY process through itsfamous infamous infamous infamous infamous infamous infamous infamous infamous. agoge.

Agoge: Mükemmel Hopliteyi güçlendirmek

Birçok Yunan devleti umutlu hizmet gerektirdiğinde, sadece Sparta doğumdan umutlu bir devlet aygıtı yarattı. agoge- titiz, devlet destekli eğitim ve eğitim sistemi - Spartalı yaşamın merkezi kurumuydu. tek amacı, çocuğun bireysel iradesini kırmak ve onu umutlu askerin demir disiplinine yeniden inşa etmek oldu.

Boy'dan Askere: Bir Spartiate Yapmak

Süreç doğumda başladı. Gerousia yaşlıları fiziksel kusurları için incelendi; öncekilerin sancıları için uygun olmayanlar Apothetae olarak bilinen bir chasm'de ölmeye bırakıldılar. Bu vahşi seçim, sadece yedi yaşında, bir çocuk ailesinden alındı ve bir barracks'a yerleştirildi.VereionOnun kohort ile, bir an olarak bilinen Yaş (Bu noktadan otuz yaşına kadar, hayatı tamamen devlet tarafından kontrol edildi.

Eğitim, dayanıklılık, zorluk ve mücadele vahşi bir müfredattı. kasıtlı olarak beslenmiş ve yemek çalmak için teşvik edildi, çalkantı ve cunning.Eğer çalmış olsaydı, o da kırılmıştı, ama bunu algılamadan başarısız oldu. diamastigosis (Şaplama yarışması, daha sonra Artemis Orthia'nın altta bir ritüel), bir sürü dayanıklılık testi, bir umutluluğun baskı altında bir umutluluğun gerektirdiği bir dayanıklılık testi. Omos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Erkekler organize edildi Yaşla Yaşlı gençler tarafından yönetilenler, kendilerini topladıkları, alay savaşları uyguladılar ve Tyrtaeus'un dövüş şarkılarını öğrendiler, şiirin devlet için formasyonda ölmesi ve yazmaları öğretildiler; sadece basit temelleri yazmak ve yazmak için öğretildiler; odak fiziksel şartlanma, itaat ve gruba sadakat. krypteia- Genç erkeklerin oluşturduğu gizli polis gücü – helot nüfusuna karşı en umut verici çocukların deneyimlerini, onları daha da zorlaştırmak ve sosyal hiyerarşiyi yeniden canlandırmak.

Syssitia ve Homoioi

Yirmi yaşında bir Spartalı erkek girişi kabul etti syssitia (kommon karmaşası) Tam bir vatandaş olmak için, bir karmaşa üyeleri tarafından seçilmiş ve barley, şarap ve peyniri kendi devlet destekli araziden (parçalı araziden) katkıda bulunmak zorundaydı.kleros2) Olotlar tarafından çalışılan kader, vatandaşlık kaybı anlamına gelmeme izin verdi – biri olarak bilinen bir kader Hipomeiones (inferiors) Kompasyon salonu yeni ailesiydi; o da on yıllardır aynı erkek grubuyla birlikte yattı ve eğitildi.

Bu vatandaş sınıfı, olarak biliniyordu Homoioi“Equals” terimi gerçekti; her bir asker aynı askeri komiserin bir üyesiydi, statüde teorik olarak eşit ve potansiyel olarak komuta edebilir veya komuta edebilirdi. Bu eşitlik ideolojisi mükemmel bir şekilde, tek bir adamın her türlü masrafta durması beklendiği yerde, ama her bir kralın oluşumunda ölen bir emir daha asla yok oldu.

Spartan Ordusu Battlefield

Yunan dünyasında disiplin ve profesyonellik için eşsiz bir ordu yarattı. Diğer Yunan orduları bir hastalıkla sorumlu iken, savaş çığlıkları çığlık atarak, Spartalılar yavaş yavaş ve sessiz bir şekilde sesine doğru ilerlediler. Aulos (İki taraflı flütle) Ritimsel müzik, mükemmel bir şekilde hizalanmış ve onların adımlarını sürekli olarak tuttu. Bu disiplinin görüşü organize edildi, sessiz bir ilerleme, tek bir mızraktan önce düşmanlarının ahlaki kısmını kırmak için yeterince sık sıktı. Spartan ordusu mükemmel bir şekilde bir makineydi ve her İsveçli mükemmel bir şekilde dekore edildi.

Taktik Organizasyon ve Komutan

Sparta ordusu artan büyüklükteki birimlere organize edildi: En büyük (squad) yaklaşık 32 erkek, pentekostys (company) yaklaşık 128 ve lochos 512'ye kadar olan bu yapı esnek komuta ve kontrol için izin verdi, her seviyede memurlar ile ordu kampanya sırasında komuta eden iki kraldan biri tarafından yönetiliyordu. polemarchs (Savaş liderleri) kralın altında ve lochagoi Yararlılara komuta etmek Yunanistan'da, çoğu ordunun küçük resmi eğitimle seçilmiş magistimaller veya generaller tarafından yönetildiği özel bir komuta zincirine hizmet etti. Spartan komut yapısı, diğer orduların uygulayamayacağı karmaşık manevralar sağladı.

Termopylae: Hoplite Defensive Paradigm

Spartan taktik disiplininin en ünlü örneği, The most famous example of Spartan Taktik disiplin was the most famous example of Spartan Taktik disiplin was the most famous example of Spartan Taktik disiplin was the most famous example of Spartan Taktik disiplin was the most famous example of Spartan Taktik disiplin was the most famous example of Spartan Termopylae Savaşı Bu savunma arazisi için yeterince uygun olan 480 BC'de, Spartalılar tarafından üstün eğitimlerini gösteren küçük bir kuvvet, daha sonra yeniden organize edilen bir güçle mücadele etmek için sıkı bir şekilde mücadele etmek için, son derece uygun bir şekilde, daha önce de, son derece zorlanan bir güçle mücadele etmek için, son derece zorlanan bir güçle mücadele etmek için, son derece zorlanan bir güçle mücadele etmek için mücadele etmek için mücadele etmek için, son derece uygun bir şekilde mücadele etmek için, son derece uygun bir şekilde, son derece zorlanmış bir güçle mücadele etmek için, son derece zorlanmış bir güçle mücadele etmek için, bir güçle mücadele etmek için, bir araya gelmeme izin vermek için.

İç Düşman: Helots ve Spartalı Askeri Kültür Bakım

Spartan umutlu kültür tartışması, bircknowledging olmadan tamamlanmış değildir helots- Devlet tarafından Spartiates'i belki yedi ila bir oran ile sayan serfs. tüm Sparta askeri sistem bu büyük köle nüfusun baskısında inşa edildi. helots Araziyi o kadar çalıştı ki Spartiates tam zamanlı olarak eğitebilirdi. Helot isyanlarının tehdidi sürekli olarak sabit ve Sparta askeri politikasının her yönünü şekillendirdi.

Daha önce vahşiliğe, çalmaya ve grup sadakatine vurgu yapmak sadece dış savaşlar için değildi; aynı zamanda genç Spartalılar'ı helotlara terörize etmek için de hazırlamaktı. krypteia-Oto Spartalılar uzun süre evden gönderilmemiş ve Athenians'ın stratejik erişimine sahip olduğu ve uzun mesafelere kadar enerjik bir şekilde yeniden düşünülmüş olan bir güçle karşı karşıya kalmaması gerektiğini iddia etti.

Phalanx Sınırları: Sphacteria ve Leuctra

Bu nedenle, umutlu sistem yaratan çok katılık, Sparta'nın olaysal geri çekilme tohumlarını da içeriyordu. Sistem, iki Yunan ordusu arasında düz bir şekilde ayakta kalmış bir savaş için parlaktı. Ancak, esnek ve savunmasız bir savaştı. Spartan ordusu şok edici bir darbe yaşadı 425 BC'de Sphacteria Savaşı'nda, Athenian ışık birliklerinin küçük bir kuvveti (Athenian ışık birliklerinin küçük bir kuvveti)peltasts2) ve arkeologlar bir bütün Spartan umutlitelerinin bir biriminin teslim edilmesini zorladılar. Yavaş, ağır zırhlı Spartalılar, belirli bir savaş alanına karşı etkin bir şekilde yanıt veremezler; o zaman Spartalı savaşçının yardımsız bir arazisi oldu.

Ayrıca, çaresizce piyade, Sparta'nın diğer askeri silahlarını kuşatma, süvari ve kayakçı ışık piyadesi gibi ihmal etmesine neden oldu. Devlet tam Spartiates nüfusu da tehlikeli bir şekilde başladı (ve)OliganthropiaSürekli savaş nedeniyle, öncekilerin aşırı eugenic talepleri ve birçok "Equals"ı yoksulluk içinde iten zenginlik konsantrasyonu. 371 BC'de Leuctra SavaşıAncak, katı Spartan umutlu sistem ölümcül bir şekilde maruz kaldı. Epaminondas elitini kitlesel olarak öldürdü. Kutsal Band Sol flank'ta, bir sütun elli sıra derin bir şekilde, kralın ve en iyi savaşçıların geleneksel olarak yer aldığı yerde, Spartak hattını öldürdü, Kral Cleombrotus'u öldürdüm ve orduyu devirdi.

Spartan Mirage: Kültür Mirası

Bugün hayatta kalan Sparta imajı, Sparta'nın bir kanun modeli olarak dikkatlice hazırlanmış bir efsanedir - "Spartan mirage" - antika yazarları, Sparta'ya hayran olan Xenophon gibi, ve daha sonra Plutarch, daha sonra Sparta'nın sistemini, bir hukuk modeli olarak, Spartalı toplum acımasız, durgun ve sonunda kendini tahrip eden bir gruptur.

Fakat tarihsel gerçeklik daha karmaşıktır. Sparta umutlu savaş seçen bir toplum değildi; o toplumdu ki bu, o bir toplumdu. was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was was Her kurum – önceki, Spartalılar'ın Leuctra'nın açıklanması ve Epaminon'un mükemmel taktiksel inovasyonuna uyum sağlama konusunda başka bir temel yoktu.

Sonuç: Hoplite Hapı

Spartalı askeri kültürdeki umutlu savaşın etkisi mutlakdı. Vatandaşın askerle eş anlamlı olduğu ve kolektif disiplinin en yüksek erdem olduğu bir toplum şekillendirdi.The Hopelite phalanx was not just a tool of war; it was the model for the state. agoge, onun syssitiaVe onun ve onun HomoioiBu yoğun odak, mükemmel bir umutlu üretmek için tasarlanmış bir sosyal motordu.Bu yoğun odak, iki yüzyıl boyunca klasik Yunanistan'da en baskın toprak gücünü yarattı.

Ancak, bu sistemin çok başarısı onun aşağı düşmesine yol açtı. Sparta kendi yaratımının esiri oldu. Devlet yeni askeri teknolojilere, sosyal baskılara veya stratejik gerçeklere adapte olamazdı, çünkü her şey olotların korunmasına bağlıydı.

Sonunda, Sparta, bir toplum ve askeri doktrin arasında simetrik bir ders olarak duruyor. Hoplite Savaşı, Sparta'nın iktidarını elde etmesi için anlamı verdi, ancak aynı zamanda askeri sistemin nasıl şekillendirebileceğine dair derin bir örnek olarak belirledi - ve sonunda bir medeniyetin tüm ihtişamsız bir şekilde, Spartalı bir toplumun ve toplumun bütün kesimlerinin tek bir uygarlığın ve bu trajedinin ve medeniyetin mirasına karşı en büyük ifadesinden biri oldu.